1. What is viscosity?
Answer: Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's resistance to flow. It determines the internal friction within the fluid. High-viscosity fluids are thick and flow slowly, while low-viscosity fluids are thin and flow more easily.
2. Define pressure and its units of measurement.
Answer: Pressure is the force exerted per unit area. It is defined as the ratio of force to the area over which the force is applied. The SI unit of pressure is Pascal (Pa), where 1 Pa equals 1 N/m². Other common units include bar, psi, and atm.
3. Explain the difference between laminar and turbulent flow.
Answer: Laminar flow is characterized by smooth and orderly movement of fluid particles in parallel layers, with minimal mixing between layers. Turbulent flow, on the other hand, is characterized by irregular and chaotic fluid motion, involving mixing and eddies.
4. What is Bernoulli's equation?
Answer: Bernoulli's equation is a fundamental equation in fluid mechanics that relates the pressure, velocity, and elevation of a fluid along a streamline. It states that the total energy of the fluid remains constant along a streamline in the absence of external forces like friction or pumps.
5. Define Reynolds number and its significance.
Answer: Reynolds number is a dimensionless quantity used to determine the flow regime of a fluid. It represents the ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces in the flow. It helps in predicting whether the flow is laminar or turbulent and provides insights into flow behavior.
6. Explain the concept of buoyancy.
Answer: Buoyancy is the upward force exerted on an object submerged in a fluid. It is a result of the difference in pressure between the top and bottom surfaces of the object due to the fluid's weight. Buoyancy is governed by Archimedes' principle and plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior of floating and submerged objects.
7. What is the continuity equation?
Answer: The continuity equation states that the mass flow rate of a fluid remains constant in a steady-state, incompressible flow. It relates the velocity and cross-sectional area of the flow and is based on the principle of conservation of mass.
8. What is the difference between absolute pressure and gauge pressure?
Answer: Absolute pressure is the total pressure exerted by a fluid, including atmospheric pressure as a reference. It is measured relative to a perfect vacuum. Gauge pressure, on the other hand, is the pressure measured relative to the atmospheric pressure. It does not consider the atmospheric pressure in its measurement.
9. Define the concept of specific gravity.
Answer: Specific gravity is a dimensionless quantity that represents the density of a substance relative to the density of a reference substance, usually water at a specific temperature. It provides a measure of how much denser or lighter a substance is compared to water.
10. Explain the working principle of a Venturi meter.
Answer: A Venturi meter is a device used to measure the flow rate of a fluid in a pipe. It consists of a converging section, throat, and diverging section. As the fluid flows through the converging section, its velocity increases, causing a decrease in pressure according to Bernoulli's equation. The pressure difference is measured to determine the flow rate.
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